Where to look in the sky?

Since the motion of a satellite is independent of any action you may take (unless you happen to work for a space agency), you can only find it along its predicted path of motion. Suppose your objective is to observe many different satellites or don't care on which pass you observe a particular satellite. In that case, you can plan your viewing to take advantage of predicted pass orientations.

Use familiar landmarks, or sky-marks

The best way to find a satellite is to predict when it passes close to a familiar object. This can be a star or a constellation. If possible, always choose a pass that goes through a familiar constellation. You can use your preferred app or website feature to identify constellations and stars and the times of closest approach by the satellite you plan to spy on.

West or East?

Your best viewing comes when the Sun is to your back. In the evening, look toward the East. In the morning, look toward the West.

High or low?

You can categorize passes by their culmination or zenith. Suppose a pass culminates (reaches the highest point in its pass) and is too low to the horizon. In that case, you will probably not be able to see the satellite due to atmospheric attenuation and the greater distance to the object. A pass that culminates straight overhead has the least atmospheric distortion but has a percent illumination of at most 50%. (You will also notice a sore neck after following a few passes straight overhead.) Maybe the better passes are those directed away from the Sun and between 30 and 75 degrees in elevation.

Frequently Asked Questions

How can I find a satellite in the night sky?
Use familiar stars or constellations as reference points. Predict when a satellite will pass near these landmarks to aid in locating it.
Which direction should I look to see satellites?
In the evening, look toward the East; in the morning, look toward the West. This positions the Sun behind you, enhancing visibility.
What is the best elevation angle to observe satellites?
Passes between 30 and 75 degrees elevation are ideal. They offer a balance between visibility and comfort, minimizing atmospheric distortion and neck strain.
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